Canada must consider even unlikely threats — including an American invasion

President Donald Trump and Canadian Prime Minister Mark Carney meet at the White House in Washington, D.C., in October 2025. (AP Photo/Evan Vucci) Canada must consider even unlikely threats — including an American invasion Published: September 24, 2026 3.48pm EDT Share article Print article Prime Minister Mark Carney says he has considered the possibility of American military action against Canada, and that the Canadian Armed Forces had examined potential responses. Such a scenario remains extraordinarily unlikely, but that’s precisely why it belongs in contingency planning. Serious governments do not dismiss low-probability, high-consequence risks simply because they appear remote. The first responsibility of the prime minister of Canada, as head of government, is to protect Canadians. That responsibility requires preparing not only for the most likely threats, but also for the unlikely scenarios that could have profound consequences for the country. In intelligence and security circles, these possibilities are sometimes described using a “swan” metaphor. Preparing for likely events, or “white swans,” is routine. Equally important, however, is considering “black swan” events: highly improbable developments that fall outside normal expectations but could have disruptive and far-reaching effects. Why plan for black swan events? First, contingency planning often yields benefits beyond the specific scenario being examined. By challenging assumptions and exploring unconventional possibilities, organizations can identify vulnerabilities, uncover strengths and develop habits of adaptive thinking. The value lies not only in the plan itself but in the planning process. A future threat to Canada may have little resemblance to a hypothetical attack by the United States, yet the lessons learned from examining an unexpected attack could inform responses to other contingencies, including missile, cyber or hybrid threats that exploit North America’s geography. Canadian and American flags fly above the Peace Arch monument at the Douglas-Peace Arch border crossing, in Surrey, B.C., in August 2021. THE CANADIAN PRESS/Darryl Dyck Second, Canada has a long history of planning for unlikely but consequential scenarios. During the period between the First and Second World Wars, Canadian military planners developed Defence Scheme No. 1, which considered the possibility of conflict with the U.S. American planners, for their part, developed War Plan Red — a scheme…